4 Tips for Landing a Pharmacy Technician Job

4 Tips for Landing a Pharmacy Technician Job The activity chasing specialists over at CareerStep.com have four fundamental tips for hopeful drug store experts that should assist you with getting ready for your optimal vocation, regardless of whether you’re securing your first position or planning for a lifelong change. Complete an externshipBuild your system and your resume and addition functional experience by finishing a drug store externship or entry level position at a medical clinic or drug store. A few organizations permit you to shadow experienced specialists to learn hands on aptitudes; other online schools highlight externships as a standard piece of the course. Do your examination and see whether there are openings accessible for you.NetworkThis is constantly included so calmly in arrangements of occupation chasing tips just as it’s not the most intimidatingâ part of the entire procedure. So start little build up a lift pitch to use on loved ones who ask what you’re up to or what sorts of employm ents you’ll be searching for when you graduate. Don’t stammer and change the subject-be prepared to discuss the sort of drug store (medical clinic, retail, private, institutional) you’re wanting to work in. No one can really tell when somebody will know somebody who will know somebody who can give you an inside track.Then expand on your newly discovered balance to converse with schoolmates, partners at your entry level position/externship, profession focus assets, and even LinkedIn contacts. Go to a blender at times, and reach/business cards to assist individuals with keeping you in mind.Rework your resumeI state this constantly, yet I truly have 6 distinctive working variants of my resume, and it’s served me well. In the event that you’re not certain what sort of drug store you need to work in, create one for each track. Converse with your educators about the requests of every specific setting.Retail experience ought to be exhibited for retail dru g stores, clearly, yet consider what an emergency clinic most needs from its drug specialists: duty? polished methodology in unpleasant circumstances? tender loving care? Shouldn't something be said about an organization like a private or remedial office? Clean the substance for each imminent crowd. At that point investigate the physical design. Is it packed? simple to peruse? brief? Do you have significant achievements highlighted?Advertise onlineThe hard thing to adjust about online nearness is the blend of being â€Å"present† and being â€Å"professional.† Make sure your recently idealized resume is accessible on industry destinations suggested by your vocation place advocates or teachers. Check the security settings on the entirety of your web based life, and endeavor to be the sort of drug store tech you would need to have taking care of your solution in the entirety of your associations on the web!

Bio Medicine Essay Example for Free

Bio Medicine Essay Two Cathy Ann Wilson-Bates Western Governors University EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE APPLIED NURSING RESEARCH EBP 1 Brenda Luther, PhD, RN January 25, 2012 Task Two Introduction: What I have found out about working with youngsters in a constant social insurance setting like dialysis is that they are flexible creatures with the penchant for fast changes in their ailment. Youngsters quite often shock me in their one of a kind portrayal of side effects and agony. Contingent upon their age, they will most likely be unable to depict the manifestations they feel or let me know â€Å"where it hurts†. A straightforward ear hurt might be portrayed as a â€Å"drum in my ear† or might be seen with non verbal signs like pulling on the ear. Intense Otitis Media is seen frequently during the cold and influenza season. Ongoing clinical rules propose holding up twenty four to seventy two hours before starting anti-infection treatment. Guardians of kids with manifestations of otitis media are familiar with getting a remedy for anti-infection agents before they leave the clinical office. Grown-ups also are preconditioned for the little white sheet of paper from their doctor. Holding up twenty four to seventy two hours to assess the requirement for anti-infection agents will lessen the over-remedy of anti-infection agents just as their viability. The pausing and viewing of a few days may appear to be an unending length of time to a parent thinking about a debilitated and crying youngster. Instructing guardians during routine visits to the doctor office about the dangers of over-recommending anti-infection agents will help when the doctor needs to examine the chance of pausing and assessing before endorsing anti-toxins. Giving a rundown of solace estimates guardians can follow may help diminish the uneasiness they have in thinking about a wiped out youngster. Any solace measure taken to diminish crying is useful to the parent of a wiped out kid, yet generally to the kid. The accompanying table and sections will share the consequences of how one gathering of medical caretakers at an outpatient facility utilized clinical proof to deal with this circumstance. Source |Type of Resource |Source suitable or |Type of Research | |general data, |inappropriate |primary look into proof, | |filtered, or unfiltered | |evidence rundown, proof based | |guideline, or none of these | |American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of|Filtered |Appropriate |Evidence-based rule | |Family Physicians. Clinical practice rule: | |Diagnosis and the executives of intense otitis media. | |Causative pathogens, anti-infection opposition and |Unfiltered |Appropriate |Evidence-based rule | |therapeutic contemplations in inte nse otitis media. | |Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. | |Ear, nose, and Throat, Current pediatric finding and|General |Inappropriate |None of these | |treatment. | |Treatment of intense otitis media in a time of |Filtered |Appropriate |Evidence â€based rule | |increasing microbial opposition. Pediatric Infectious| | |Disease Journal | |Results from interviews with guardians who have brought |Unfiltered |Appropriate |Primary examine proof | |their kids into the facility for intense otitis media. | Subcommittee on Management of Acute Otitis Media. (2004). American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diagnosis and Manegment of Acute Otitis Media. American Academy of Pediatrics , Vol. 13 No 5 1451-1465. This article is a proof based clinical rule. It is an efficient audit making it a separated asset which is extremely proper for this circumstance. The article depicts the current, (starting at 2004) proposals for the analysis and the executives of Acute Otitis Media (Subcommittee on Management of Acute Otitis Media, 2004). These rules demonstrate a few distinct approaches to treat intense otitis media relying upon the manifestations of the youngster. It expresses that occasionally standing by to give anti-infection age nts is acceptable and now and then holding back to give anti-toxins isn't acceptable. This article is fitting and gives clearness on the theme. Square, S. L. (1997). Causative pathogens, anti-infection opposition and helpful contemplations in intense otitis media. The Pediatric Infectious illness Journal , Volume 16 (4) pp 449-456. This article talks about anti-toxin opposition and depicts the bacterial pathogens which are answerable for diseases causing intense otitis media. This article is suitable. It contains a correlation of studies performed dependent on the various kinds of microorganisms which cause intense otitis media. It focuses on the significance of recognizing the microscopic organisms causing the contamination before giving anti-infection agents with the goal that main the microorganisms can be killed and other microbes won't become safe (Block, 1997). PE Kelley, N. F. (2006). Ear, Nose and. In M. L. W. W. Roughage, Current Pediatric Diagnoisis and Treatment (pp. 459-492). Lang. This course book source contains general data on the ear, nose and throat. There is considerably more data here viewing essential life structures and physiology just as attributes of the ear nose and throat. The data with respect to otitis media is essential and not a suitable wellspring of research in this circumstance for three reasons. Number one, the data is fundamental, number two, it doesn't surrender any to date data on the best way to treat this sort of disease, and number three there is an excessive amount of non-important data. McCracken, G. H. (1998). Treatment of intense otitis media in a time of expanding microbial obstruction. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal , Volume 17(6) pp576-579. This article is an audit of the known etiologies that may cause intense otitis media. The article offers cutting-edge data on helpful methodologies while choosing a proper anti-infection treatment. We don’t practice â€Å"cookie cutter† medication. A similar remedy isn't in every case directly for all patients or all networks where some bacteria’s might be more predominant than others (McCracken, 1998). This is proper data for this gathering of individuals or network. media, P. o. (n. d. ). Meetings. (C. medical caretakers, Interviewer) This arrangement of meetings is basically crude information. General data can anyway give extraordinary understanding with regards to what's going on out in the network. For instance, this data may reveal insight into the way that if the guardians are eager to hold off on anti-infection agents for instance, would they be bound to development and returned into the facility when inquired? The response of guardians is needy upon other a few fundamental elements like funds, a conviction framework and perhaps the capacity to get transportation. Knowing how the network will react to their decision may greatly affect the choices they make. While assessing the discoveries of these sources aggregately, one should initially decide the causative pathogens tainting patients in this given network with intense otitis media. After pathogen assurance we can figure out which anti-infection agents might be generally valuable in annihilating the given microscopic organisms. Cautious choice of anti-toxin treatment will decrease the affinity for anti-microbial opposition. Vigilant holding up might be something to be thankful for from the viewpoint of expanding microbial opposition anyway we should consistently assess patients on their individual needs or on a patient by quiet case. One size doesn’t consistently fit all. Persistent training is the way to keeping the open educated regarding current practice. Doctors and Nurses should be reliable in the exercise plan imparted to patients and stay consistent with our extent of training. Correspondence is fundamental between the doctor, nurture and other multidisciplinary colleagues so as to give the best consideration. There are numerous contemplations in surveying if patients can withstand the pausing and assessment period. Low salary families are one case of how the pausing and watching technique probably won't work. Guardians may need to get some much needed rest work to come to facility with a wiped out kid. They may battle discovering cash for the extra return outing to the facility and may chance losing their employment on the off chance that they take additional time off work. Many low salary families may have just held up before looking for help in this way making their own attentive holding up period. They additionally will most likely be unable to bear the cost of anti-microbials and therefore may not give the full portion if side effects have died down. The discernment is that they will spare the drug for whenever side effects emerge. Classification may be an issue in littler networks. Individuals will in general be worried about neighbors and collaborators and some may not want to impart their experience to other people. This might be an issue for guardians who don’t share authority as on account of separation. It is a more noteworthy issue when guardians or accomplices don’t share a similar essential qualities, particularly those identified with social insurance. End: Careful holding up like the medical caretakers in this center are taking a gander at might be helpful for a portion of the patients, yet not all. Once more, a one size fits all way of thinking isn't generally proper in medicinal services. Apparatuses like calculations might be useful in deciding the suitability for watching and holding up versus prompt activity as controlled by physical discoveries and social conditions like parental adherence for development and capacity to manage the cost of treatment. Whatever course you pick, attentive pausing or prompt anti-infection agents the best practice stays an arrangement of care dependent on the individual needs of our patients. References Block, S. L. (1997). Causative pathogens, anti-infection opposition and helpful contemplations in intense otitis media. The Pediatric Infectious sickness Journal , Volume 16 (4) pp 449-456. McCracken, G. H. (1998). Treatment of intense otitis media in a time of expanding microbial obstruction. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal , Volume 17(6) pp576-579. media, P. o. (n. d. ). Meetings. (C. attendants, Interviewer) PE Kelley, N. F. (2006

New Collaborate Seamlessly Across MindMeister and Microsoft Teams - Focus

New Collaborate Seamlessly Across MindMeister and Microsoft Teams - Focus Mind maps are living documents. Your brainstorming session in  MindMeister  may end, but that doesn’t mean that your resulting mind map should now be discarded â€" in fact, this is often just the starting point for your project. Thanks to a new update for  MindMeister’s  integration with Microsoft Teams, you can now open any map you’ve created  with  MindMeister  directly in  Teams and  keep collaborating on it with your team members as you turn your ideas into reality! The end of 2019 is fast approaching, and teams everywhere are getting serious about creating their strategy for the next year, deciding on budget allocations, and discussing what to focus their resources on over the next twelve months. Oftentimes, this planning process starts in a mind map. In a typical scenario, the team leader opens a blank map in  MindMeister  and outlines the basic structure of their strategy.   In a second step, the team members are invited to the map, so they can contribute their ideas. In a meeting, the team then discusses everybody’s input, re-organizes the structure of the map, and finalizes the strategy.     Great â€" but what happens next? Do you print out the map and hang it up on a wall in your office? You might. But then, what if the plan needs to be adjusted? You could also just leave it in  MindMeister, where it’ll remain until you need it next time. But then, your strategy should always be front of mind for your team, not collecting dust in some folder, shouldn’t it?       Keeping Your Mind Maps Front of Mind A strategy mind map â€" or indeed any type of project or campaign plan you outline in a map â€" is a living document that should be kept right at your fingertips, ready to be reviewed, discussed, and updated regularly. If you’re using Microsoft Teams to collaborate in your organization, then your best move is to include the map there, right inside your team’s channel.   Open Mind Maps in Microsoft Teams to Keep the Collaboration Going With our latest update, users who log in to MindMeister  with an Azure Active Directory account* are now able to take the maps they’ve created in  MindMeister  and, at the click of a button, open them in Microsoft Teams. For a seamless transition, your map collaborators are automatically added to Microsoft Teams. This way, the people who’ve created the map in the first place continue to be part of the collaborative process. Microsoft Teams is  a powerful hub for teamwork  â€"  it’s  where  your team  discusses  projects, campaigns, issues and questions. And now, they can do this right next to the mind map that visualizes your strategic goals and projects. Adjustments to your plans can be made on the fly, without switching tools, and whenever the need arises.     With  MindMeister  for Microsoft Teams, you keep all your team members on the same page and ensure that your strategies, project plans, and campaign documents are always right in front of them.       Try It Now! *Learn more about who can use this integration in  our  online help center. New Collaborate Seamlessly Across MindMeister and Microsoft Teams - Focus Mind maps are living documents. Your brainstorming session in  MindMeister  may end, but that doesn’t mean that your resulting mind map should now be discarded â€" in fact, this is often just the starting point for your project. Thanks to a new update for  MindMeister’s  integration with Microsoft Teams, you can now open any map you’ve created  with  MindMeister  directly in  Teams and  keep collaborating on it with your team members as you turn your ideas into reality! The end of 2019 is fast approaching, and teams everywhere are getting serious about creating their strategy for the next year, deciding on budget allocations, and discussing what to focus their resources on over the next twelve months. Oftentimes, this planning process starts in a mind map. In a typical scenario, the team leader opens a blank map in  MindMeister  and outlines the basic structure of their strategy.   In a second step, the team members are invited to the map, so they can contribute their ideas. In a meeting, the team then discusses everybody’s input, re-organizes the structure of the map, and finalizes the strategy.     Great â€" but what happens next? Do you print out the map and hang it up on a wall in your office? You might. But then, what if the plan needs to be adjusted? You could also just leave it in  MindMeister, where it’ll remain until you need it next time. But then, your strategy should always be front of mind for your team, not collecting dust in some folder, shouldn’t it?       Keeping Your Mind Maps Front of Mind A strategy mind map â€" or indeed any type of project or campaign plan you outline in a map â€" is a living document that should be kept right at your fingertips, ready to be reviewed, discussed, and updated regularly. If you’re using Microsoft Teams to collaborate in your organization, then your best move is to include the map there, right inside your team’s channel.   Open Mind Maps in Microsoft Teams to Keep the Collaboration Going With our latest update, users who log in to MindMeister  with an Azure Active Directory account* are now able to take the maps they’ve created in  MindMeister  and, at the click of a button, open them in Microsoft Teams. For a seamless transition, your map collaborators are automatically added to Microsoft Teams. This way, the people who’ve created the map in the first place continue to be part of the collaborative process. Microsoft Teams is  a powerful hub for teamwork  â€"  it’s  where  your team  discusses  projects, campaigns, issues and questions. And now, they can do this right next to the mind map that visualizes your strategic goals and projects. Adjustments to your plans can be made on the fly, without switching tools, and whenever the need arises.     With  MindMeister  for Microsoft Teams, you keep all your team members on the same page and ensure that your strategies, project plans, and campaign documents are always right in front of them.       Try It Now! *Learn more about who can use this integration in  our  online help center.

Ethics, The Ethics And Values Of The Nursing Profession

Ethics, the rules and principles that guide right behaviors or conduct, are foundational to the field of bioethics, which focuses on ethical issues in healthcare (Mclennon, Uhrich, Lasiter, Chamnes, Helft, 2013). Nurses are faced with ethical decision making principles daily when caring for their patients, some days more than others. According to Yoder-Wise (2011), ethics may be distinguished from the law because ethics is internal to an individual, looks to the ultimate â€Å"good† of an individual rather than society as a whole, and concerns the â€Å"why† of one’s actions (p. 91). In this particular situation, the nurse has to decide if she will respect the wishes of the patient’s family members or be upfront and honest with her patient and†¦show more content†¦The advantages of disclosing the diagnosis to the patient is that it allows her to decide the appropriate treatment course that she believes would be best for her. On the other hand, the corollary of beneficence, the principle of non-maleficence, states that one should do no harm (Yoder-Wise, 2011, p. 92). â€Å"Telling about poor prognosis to the patient may cause psychological harm to her. Therefore, in this situation the action of nurse by withholding truth about her diagnosis may enhance patient care and prevent harm† (Punjani, 2013, p. 2). The disadvantages of not disclosing the diagnosis and prognosis to the patient appears greater than the advantages. The principle of beneficence states that the actions one takes should promote good (Yoder-Wise, 2011, p. 91). The language barrier is being used to take advantage of the patient by the family to make medical decisions for her. The patient is competent with no mental incapacities and is able to make her own medical decisions with the assistance of an interpreter. The opportunity for her to notify family members and friends located both in Korea and the United States to say her farewells and to in form them of her condition will be taken away. She loses the inability to straighten out her affairs at home and any unfinished matters that may be pending. She may wish to spend quality time and share special unspoken conversations with her daughters and husband each independently. To add to an already complex

The Face Of Nursing Career - 1454 Words

Whether you have been practicing for many years or are just beginning your nursing career, you can see that the face of nursing is in transition. Due to rapidly advancing technology, greater autonomy within our field and healthcare reform, many changes are ahead for our profession. These changes are seen in every arena of nursing, whether that is in the hospital, long term care, non-profit or nurse-managed health clinics and give us a peek at what the future of nursing will be like. Patient care is evolving and nurses require a higher skill set to effectively treat such a diverse population (Models, 2010). In response to this need, educational institutes are encouraged to modify and expand loan forgiveness programs and increase the number of grants awarded to nurses furthering their education. The skills that were once needed for new nurses have dramatically changed over the past few years. We must do everything in our power to ensure new nurses are prepared to enter the workforce ca pable of handling their immense responsibilities (Hendren, 2010). The projected nursing shortage will severely impact patients across the United States and law makers are scrambling to find a solution to the problem. Patient care delivery models are changing across the board, these changes will likely affect us all, and regardless of the area we each practice in. Nurse practitioners will soon be able to practice independent of a physician, which can only mean the role of Registered Nurse willShow MoreRelatedNurse Interview Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesTheoretical Foundation for Nursing Roles and Practice NUR-502 May 23, 2012 Masters-Prepared Nurse Interview With the rapid growth in the implementation and use of electronic medical records, there is an increase in how we define the role of nurses and other team member’s (Deese amp; Stien, 2004). 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Graduate College Essay Samples Tips

Graduate College Essay Samples Tips Your essay should handle topics that are particular to the school of your choice but should also highlight your skills while introducing your aims. Before you write your admissions essay you have to have a comprehension of your objectives and the way in which your experiences to date prepare you for pursuing your aims. Once you own a topic, it's best to make an outline of ideas. To accomplish this, brainstorm on topics which you are passionate about. The Graduate College Essay Samples Game If you're on the lookout for one-on-one guidance, check out EssayEdge.com. Especially if you'll be moving with your loved ones, show the admissions officers which you will thrive in their environment. Some colleges will attempt to give as much as they can, but not meet the complete need, and a few may not offer anything. Keep in mind your college student may not have the ability to rely on their mobile phone, so calling cards and a list of phone numbe rs may be recommended. A typical misconception of ASU's honors college is that it's just extra work. In order to be successful in the world today, a college degree is crucial. Based on the schools you might be considering, however, certain college majors are somewhat more impressive than others. Upcoming college students might also be requested to compose a college essay for a component of their first requirements. New Step by Step Roadmap for Graduate College Essay Samples Essays are your very best friend. Stephen's essay is quite effective. Writing a failing essay isn't as simple as it might seem at first. When you finish your essay, you need to edit and polish. Your essay is the sole chance you get to show them of the human behind the grades. If you are in need of a well-crafted essay, then you can count on us to deliver. Writing an essay has to be stressful. Lies You've Been Told About Graduate College Essay Samples Once you get a rough draft of your admissions essay, bear in mind that it's a rough draft. It is very important to capture the interest of the admission tutors no matter how strict they may appear to be. More frequently than not, deadlines for submitting applications are almost always short which makes many possible applicants worry they will not have the ability to submit their sample essay for MBA application punctually. On occasion the student doesn't have a writing style that's impressive and inspires a high score. If you don't, you're able to actually hurt your odds of admission. College confidential is one of my favourite on-line forums. Thus, State Uni versity isn't only the ideal spot for me, it is the sole location for me. Allow it to sit for a couple days untouched. The Basic Facts of Graduate College Essay Samples If you search for the ideal opening and delay writing till you find just the correct angle, phrasing, or metaphor you may not ever write your graduate admissions essay. Our dedicated graduate paper writer makes sure the statement is having a robust and desired influence on the reader. Explain why you wish to attend that specific institution. Some graduate programs will request that you compose an extra essay about an issue within your favorite field. Since you are interested in getting the essay to communicate the very best information about you, you should do thorough preparation for the sample college admission essays to accomplish its purposes. Your college essay should contain information that are related to the instruction provided to you. Just because you've already written a college essay for a single university doesn't mean that it may also apply on your next applications. Graduate College Essay Samples Perhaps right now you're trying to enter the school that you dream about. Because that undertaking is intimidating, it's often hard to determine where to get started. Various things to various individuals, since the situation demanded. It is made worse by the fact that the cost of living keeps increasing every day.

Olouadah Equiano Essay Example For Students

Olouadah Equiano Essay Keith Sandiford, author of Measuring the Moment, eloquently made the claim for Equiano’s Interesting Narrative as a reliable documentary source. Sandiford writes, â€Å"Throughout the narrative, Equiano makes a conscious effort to delineate the principal incidents and experiences of his life as faithful memory would allow and to appraise his conduct with honest judgement and sober reflection† (119). To me this is how Equiano embarks on making his narrative credible:I believe it is difficult for those who publish their own memoirs to escape the imputation of vanity. . . People generally think those memoirs only worthy to be read or remembered which abound in great striking events, those, in short, which in a high degree excite either admiration or pity; all others they consign to contempt or oblivion. It is therefore, I confess, not a little hazardous in a private and obscure individual, and a stranger too, thus to solicit the indulgent attention of the public, especiall y when I own I offer here the history of neither a saint, a hero, nor a tyrant. I believe there are few events in my life which have not happened to many; it is true the incidents of it are numerous, and, did I consider myself an European, I might say my sufferings were great; but when I compare my lot with that of most of my countrymen, I regard myself as a particular favorite of heaven, and acknowledge the mercies of Providence in every occurrence of my life. If, then, the following narrative does not appear sufficiently interesting to engage general attention, let my motive be some excuse for its publication.The narrative begins in the unassuming, yet ardent voice that carries the reader throughout his life story. He makes his plans entirely clear: he intends his narrative to open the worlds eyes to the degradation and inhumanity of slavery. Yet he knows, too, that merely preaching of goodwill towards Africans would not turn any heads. He must show directly the irony that those n aming others barbarians were the barbaric ones themselves. His intensely personal story, with detailed descriptions of what he saw cruel or ordinary and of how one African dealt with forced encounters with different lands and cultures, was what it would take for Englishmen to relate and thus to understand. A number of themes pervade Equianos narrative. Editor Robert Allison says the text revolves around freedom and salvation. Adam Potkay in Forum: Teaching Equiano’s Interesting Narrative, claims that Equiano’s narrative had a number of persuasive modes, modes such as â€Å"apologia, allegory, sermon, exhortation† and criticism directed to abolishing the slave trade (604). Power and identity struggles are also important problems Equiano faces. Some of the most telling passages involve Equianos discussion of his various names. In his Ibo native land, he was named Olaudah, which signified one favored, and having a loud voice and well spoken. His name was thus symbolic of his strong anti-slavery voice. His name testified to his extraordinary life and also suggests his relative fortune, or perhaps Gods Providence. Luck and grace would play a large role in his life and narrative. Yet in Virginia Equiano was called Jacob and then Michael he no longer had control over his own identity. The passage where he is given the name Gustavus Vassa describes clearly the struggle for self-empowerment versus outside control: While I was on board this ship, my captain and master named me Gustavus Vassa. I at that time began to understand him a little, and refused to be called so, and told him as well as I could that I would be called Jacob; but he said I should not, and still called me Gustavus: and when I refused to answer to my new name, which I at first did, it gained me many a cuff; so at length I submitted, and by which I have been known ever since. (61)That Equiano would later accept this name he once objected to so strongly furthers the question of identity which Equiano, and all displaced Africans, were forced to face. Equiano, at one point, considered himself more Englishman than African, yet he later realized the obligation he owed to his native people. But he nevertheless would struggle with dual identities his entire life: African yet Englishman, sla ve yet friend to his masters, freed man yet not protected by the laws. His double name was an outward indication of his life ambiguity. The narratives first paragraph reveals Equianos intense motives for writing. Yet the work is interesting in that it appeals to not only moral (though they reign supreme) but also economic reasons for the abolishment of slavery. In Talking Too Much English, Tanya Caldwell argues, â€Å"Equiano, far from establishing himself and black Africans against Britain as a potental ‘new force’, Equiano sees the danger of being perceived in this way and reveals the thouroughly European nature of his mind most convincingly when he proposes strengthening the system of which he is part by offering up Africa to forces of British trade† (268 and 280). Sure, the degradation of a people was unchristian, but Equiano advised that it was uneconomical as well. Africa could be an enormous market to feed the industrial revolution. And, by changing your c onduct, and treating your slaves as men, every cause of fear would be banished. They would be faithful, honest, intelligent, and vigorous; and peace, prosperity, and happiness would attend you. (100). In other words, freed men would be better workers. Equiano attacks not only slavery but also racism. Todays reader, living in a world where the ambiguous parameters of race create so many rules, may find his thoughts on race relations a bit strange. Equiano believed that intermarriage was the key to ending racism by blurring the distinctions that make race so obvious. It is important to keep in mind that Equianos perspective differs greatly from many other former slaves. Remember that he was a young boy when taken from his family; his few memories are supplemented in the text by Abolitionist Anthony Benezets account of African traditions and customs. Equiano, too, admired and coveted British culture and society. Intermarriage was an easy solution for him, for he never had the opportunity to forge one strong identity. For both Englishmen and Africans, however, this solution was not quite so clear-cut. Child Abuse EssayB, Miriama. So Long a Letter. Translated by Modupe Bod ; Thomas. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1980. Caldwell, Tanya. â€Å"Talking Too Much English’: Languages of Economics and Politics in Equiano’s The Interesting Narrative,† Early American Literature. Volume 34 3 (1999). Chain, Mybe B. Contemporary Society and the Female Imagination: A Study of the Novels of Miriama Ba, in Eldred Durosimi Jones, Eustace Palmer and MarjorieJones, (Eds.) Women in African Literature Today. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1987. Davies, Carol Boyce. Motherhood in the Works of Male and Female Igbo Writers: Achebe Emecheta, Nwpa and Nzekwu, in Carole Boyce Davies and Anne Adams Graves(Eds.) Ngambika. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1986. Makward, Edris. Marriage, Tradition, and Womans pursuit of Happiness in the Novels of Miriama Ba, in Eldred Durosimi Jones, Eustace Palmer and Marjorie Jones, (Eds.) Women in African Literature Today. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1987. Potkay, Adam. â€Å"Forum:Teaching Equiano’s Interesting Narrative† Eighteenth-Century Studies. Volume 34 4 (2001). Sandiford, Keith. Measuring the Moment: Strategies of Protest in Eighteenth Century Afro-English Writing. PA: Susquehanna University Press, 1988.

kublai khan Essays - Marco Polo, Borjigin, , Term Papers

Marco Polo went on plenty of adventures well during his adventures he grew to know and study a man named Kublai Khan. Marco Poloheld Kublai in high regaurd he referred to him as Lord of lord. There was a great battle in which Kublai showed his swift yet calculated reaction. In no time at all Kublai assembled his army and got them ready. Marco respected kublai?s precaution and planning skills Nayan the enemy was taken by surprise he and his men were amazed at the precision and care that Kublai took to surround them on their homefront. The tradition is that the battle doesn?t begin until the horns and music have finished sounding the music is beautiful for the war that is about to take place. The battle was fought hard and kind of long it was from 9 to midday the arrows are described as black rain filling the sky horses and men lay across the ground fallen. A good amount of men were lost from both sides. Nayan realizing that there was a victor and it wasn?t him surrendered as well as t he rest of his men. He was put to death by being wrapped up in carpet and being tossed back and fourth until he passed It is said that The Khan did this so that his screams would not be heard on the ground and so his blood would not be spilled on the ground. I believe Marco really admired Kublai Khan?s military precision, experience, and intelligence. Religion Marco Polo observed how Kublai Khan thought about religion and his views on it. He had extraordinary views on religion Easter and Christmas Kublai would get 4 books of the prophets from the different treligions. Rewards Kublai rewarded his troops greatly for the battle against Naya which shows appreciation for his helper fighters. That is why he probably had such a strong Army and support sytem because he rewarded his troops you reward a child when they esxecute something properly rewarding your troops is a very good idea they strive to want to do better and are less likely to betray. He also gives them leadership independence. ? They can take whenever they please, and lead from place to place, the troops and horses of any prince or king. Kublai Kublai is from Marco Polo?s description a very beautiful man not too far gone with the looks. He has 4 wivesthat each have their title as emperesses they each have their own attendants. One of his wives has born a son which is to be the successor. Kublai has 22 sons 7 of which have their own kingdoms that they rule that are very large.

Police Cuuroption Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Police Cuuroption Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Police Cuuroption Police corruption is a complex issue. Police corruption or the abuse of authority by a police officer, acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants, is a growing problem in the United States today. Things such as an Internal Affairs department, a strong leadership organization, and community support are just a few considerations in the prevention of police corruption. An examination of a local newspaper or any police-related publication in an urban city during any given week would most likely have an article about a police officer that got caught committing some kind of corrupt act. Police corruption has increased dramatically with the illegal cocaine trade, with officers acting alone or in-groups to steal money from dealers or distribute cocaine themselves. Large groups of corrupt police have been caught in New York, New Orleans, Washington, DC, and Los Angeles, as well as many other cities. Corruption within police departments falls into 2 basic categories, external corruption and internal corruption. In this research project, I will concentrate on external corruption. Recently, external corruption has been given the larger center of attention. I have decided to include the fairly recent accounts of corruption from a few major cities, mainly New York, because that is where I have lived in the past year. I compiled my information from a number of articles written in the New York Times over the last few years. My definitional information and background data came from books that have been written on the issues of police corruption. Those books helped me create a basis of just what the different types of corruption, as well as how and why corruption happens. Corruption in policing is usually viewed as the mistreatment of authority by police officer acting officially to fulfill personal needs or wants. For a corrupt act to occur, three distinct elements of police corruption must be present simultaneously: 1) mishandling of authority, 2) mishandling of official capacity, and 3) mishandling of personal attainment (Dantzker, 1995: p 157). It can be said that power, inevitably tends to corrupt. It is yet to be recognized that while there is no reason to suppose that policemen as individuals are any less fallible than other members of society, people are often shocked and outraged when policemen are exposed violating the law. The reason is simple; their deviance elicits a special feeling of betrayal. Most studies support the view that corruption is endemic, if not universal, in police departments. The danger of corruption for police, is that it may invert the formal goals of the organization and may lead to the use of organizational power to encourage and create crime rather than to deter it (Sherman 1978: p 31). Police corruption falls into two major categories external corruption, which concerns police contacts with the public; and internal corruption, which involves the relationships among policemen within the works of the police department. The external corruption generally consists of one or more of the following activities: 1) Payoffs to the police, by people who essentially violate non-criminal elements, who fail to comply with stringent statutes or city ordinances. 2) Payoffs to the police, by individuals who continually break the law, using various methods to earn illegal money. 3) Clean Graft where money is paid to the police for services, or where courtesy discounts are given as a matter of course to the police. Police officers have been involved in activities such as extortion of money and/or narcotics from drug violators. In order for these violators to avoid arrest, the police officers have accepted bribes, and accepted narcotics, which they turned around and sold. These police know of the violations, and fail to take proper enforcement action. They have entered into personal associations with narcotics criminals and in some cases have used narcotics. They have given false testimonies in court in order to obtain dismissal of the charges against a defendant (Sherman 1978: p 129). A scandal is perceived both as a socially constructed phenomenon, and as an agent of change that can lead to realignments in the structure of power within organizations. New York, for instance, has had more than a half dozen major scandals concerning its police department within a century. It was the Knapp

I can do anything as good as you Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

I can do anything as good as you - Essay Example Despite the optimistic perspective and the lure of higher income expected from the demands of the job, the experience of Eisenberg, and other women from the construction workforce indicated that the percentage was permanently pegged at 2 percent since 1980. In this regard, the essay aims to critically analyze the capacity of women to work on an equal footing with men, especially in professions that have been stereotyped as predominantly of men’s domain. The first and critical issue that needs to be addressed is can women do the job? Can women become carpenters, electricians, ironworkers, painters and plumbers? Despite the small percentage of the female gender that delved into these professions, Eisenberg proved that women can to the job – with loads of determination, patience, the will to overcome challenges, and the persistence to succeed. The Nontraditional Employment for Women (NEW) â€Å"trains women and places them in  careers in the skilled construction, utilit y, and maintenance trades, helping women achieve economic independence and a secure future† (par. 1). As of 2005, NEW revealed that the percentage of women as construction workers have already risen to 3% (NEW, par. 5). The advantages of pursuing this particular career path are: (1) high remuneration (of as much as $10 to $17 per hour during the first year, to increase to as much as $45 per hour upon completion of the apprenticeship program); (2) availment of excellent medical benefits; (3) other benefits such as pensions and paid annuities are offered; and (4) various kinds of training in stages and phases of work are given and availed of (NEW: Programs, pars. 7 - 10). On the other hand, despite the lucrative opportunities of the profession, most women opt to avoid working as construction laborers for the reasons such as: (1) job responsibilities and tasks are mentally and physically demanding; (2) working hours are generally way too early than traditional working hours; (3) outdoor work all throughout the year is required; and (4) perceived male dominance is seen as a barrier to entry (NEW: Programs, pars. 11 - 14). The next concern is should women do the job? The answer is a resounding why not? All challenges enumerated above could be addressed through appropriate training and by giving incentives and support. The fact that the women interviewed by Eisenberg have proven that they can do the job indicates that the demands, knowledge, skills and abilities needed to accomplish required tasks could be developed in women, with proper training and experience. Further, just like in every other endeavor, success in a career begins with one’s genuine interest and enthusiasm to delve into the chosen field. Nothing is really impossible when one puts one’s mind and heart into any endeavor worth pursuing. Regrettably, the labor movement has remained compliant to the plight of tradeswomen. As revealed by Eisenberg in her official website continue to r aise the public and legislator’s awareness on the need, not only to announce the governmental policies on offering construction jobs and apprenticeship to women, but more so, on active promotion and enforcement of these policies to increase participation and outcome. As averred â€Å"In a 1994 interview with LA ironworker Mary Michels, I asked her how many women she thought would be working in construction. Her response: â€Å"

Integrating the Bible in the High School Curriculum Essay

Integrating the Bible in the High School Curriculum - Essay Example This essay stresses that the America of today that is rent by crime and heathen practices is only reflecting the Bible-less policy of years in the recent past, but if the Bible is integrated into the school curriculum now, the America of the next few decades could evolve into a better place, with a greater focus on moral and ethical values rather than hedonistic values that have led to substance abuse. This paper makes a conclusion that there are two major reasons why integrating the Bible into the school curriculum may not only be an excellent option, but may actually be necessary. On the one hand, the Bible is a valuable source of academic learning and would enrich the educational experiences of young people if introduced into the curriculum. It would allow students to explore a fascinating range of historical events and classical literature. Secondly, it would inculcate within them the values of love and forgiveness and bring discipline and focus into their lives through the teaching of moral and ethical values. The Bible contains a wealth of stories that offer profound insights into human nature, and have spawned many offshoots in literature. On an overall basis, student understanding and appreciation of classical literature would be enhanced if the Bible is introduced into the school curriculum. Religious and spiritual instruction that focuses upon the teaching of ethical and moral values through the Bible can only enrich the character of students.

Psychological Factors of Bilingualism

Psychological Factors of Bilingualism Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Psychological factors of bilingualism – Cognitive, Executive and Perception Based Challenges towards adopting bilingual learning in UAE and Recommendations Conclusion References Introduction Bilingualism is primarily concerned with use of twin languages in a country. This paper discusses the use of English and Arabic languages in UAE and how it related to the individual identity and psychology of people in UAE. This paper analyses the impact of bilingual habits and identity of an individual and the psychological adjustments that a person must make to a-fit himself or herself in a bicultural environment. In an environment where individuals have to adjust to more than one cultures and deal in more than one language, it has a very positive implication on the psychology of an individual leading to benefits such as multiple group loyalties, bilingual competence learning to impressive personalities and beneficial outcomes at work or career places through better mingling (Appel, 1987). Psychological factors of bilingualism – Cognitive, Executive and Perception Based In a study conducted by Worall, children of age groups between four-six and six-nine were studied have monolingual and bilingual backgrounds of learning for their choices of phonetic and semantic words. It was observed during the study that the children, who had a bilingual approach, had a better understanding of semantic words in comparison to children who had a single language approach. The children with bilingual background reached at a semantic language learning advantage at least 2-3 years early than then singular language counterparts. This clearly states that bilingualism enhances language developmental aspects in an individual’s personality. It has also been established by Ellen and Hatuka in their study that the individuals who have a bilingual approach have a better thinking pattern and can think and work on more than one direction than the people who speak and understand only one language. So, the people in UAE who can understand and think in both languages, English and Arabic have a stronger chance of excelling as individuals in their own fields rather than people who can speak only Arabic. These people are able to control their mind better and work according to the grammatical as well as syntax requirements of the languages – English and Arabic. This better understanding of languages leads to better awareness and increased power to control structures in an individual. Such people can better understand and control uncertainty and arbitrary aspects of objects (Hakuta, 1985). The people of UAE who observe the immersion and study of both languages – English and Arabic – from an early stage, are better able to think and act according to instructions in both languages and have a higher degree of cognitive development than their counterparts who have studied only in native language i.e. Arabic. Such individuals have a better understanding of concepts as a part of their personality and are able to better map the words and labels towards the concepts of life (Bialystok, 1987). These individuals also have a better functioning and understanding of executive functions and skills such a problem solving capabilities, mentally flex and control the individual attention, enhances inhibitory control and effectively switching between the tasks. The individuals who can also control their language power while dealing in English, besides the native language, Arabic have better cognitive and executive functions understanding. Not only they have an understanding of executive functions, but also prevent the decline of cognitive functions when the old age arrives. Bilingual factors also influence the perception based psychological factors. This includes the creative power and psychological flex to assume situations. The individuals who have an ability to perceive and understand both English and Arabic languages, have a better conceptualization and imaginary power leading to a psychology pertaining to better understanding of life situations. They are able to better manipulate the life and work situations to work in accordance with expectations and favorable situations. This advantage is of extreme importance in comparison to their colleagues who have a monolingual approach towards work and life situations (Emmorey, 2008). Also it has been noticed that bilingual individuals have a better understanding of mathematical concepts that even immerse into real life challenges and calculations – thus, leading to beneficial and profitable situations and decision making power. They have a better understanding of mathematical concepts, say, for example, logically placing the objectives and issues in accordance with profit making or loss based studies. Such perception based advantage also percolate into non mathematical situations, for example, understanding a problem based upon depiction through pictures. Thus, it can be established that individuals have a better understanding of life and work concepts as well as cognitive, executive and perception based problem solving psychological factors if they are bilinguals, over their monolingual counterparts (MacSwan, 2008). Challenges towards adopting bilingual learning in UAE and Recommendations The poor quality of education pertaining to Arabic language learning is the major challenge in UAE. Both in private and public schools, the language which is the native of UAE, does not observe adequate teaching skills or learning resources, as there must be. This is in no match to the global English language learning resources. The teachers fail to match the global standards of learning. It is highly recommended that the educational authorities realize the benefits of bilingual teaching and develop resources for Emiratis for adopting both English and Arabic language that matches the global aspects of learning. Specific focus must be laid on bringing Arabic language at par of English standard. Also, Arabic and English languages must be immersed with each other in learning at a very early level for appropriate development of cognitive and executive functions of individuals. It is thus recommended that the English and Arabic languages must be immersed at a very early level. Conclusion It is very important to introduce and continue bilingual approach for the corporate, government and educational institutions of UAE. English language must be introduced and Arabic language must be preserved. It is important to consider that bilingual approach can be challenging for the psychology of individuals due to the differences in language basics and the ambiguity that is associated with adopting these languages at all levels such as schooling, corporate etcNeedless to mention, that before the emphasis can be laid on learning of English language and finding places for this foreign language in the lives and identity of UAE people, prominence has to be given to Arabic language learning from a very early stage. A bilingual language approach for Emiratis means higher degree of cognitive, perception and executive skills development in students as well corporate people. References Appel, R. Muysken, P. (1987). Language contact and bilingualism. London: Edward Arnold. Hakuta K., Diaz R. M. (1985). The relationship between degree of bilingualism and cognitive ability: a critical discussion and some new longitudinal data.. In Nelson K. E. Childrens Language, vol.5. Erlbaum. pp. 320–344. Bialystok E. (1987). Influences of bilingualism on metalinguistic development. Second Language Research 3: 154–166. Emmorey K., Luk G., Pyers J. E., Bialystok E. (2008). The Source of Enhanced Cognitive Control in Bilinguals: Evidence From Bimodal Bilinguals. MacSwan, J. (February, 2000). The threshold hypothesis, semilingualism, and other contributions to a deficit view of linguistic minorities. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Science, 22(1), 3-45. Newspaper Resource: http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/editorial/solid-bilingual-system-would-bolster-arabic-in-the-uae

The Obstinate Toy Soldier in Mere Christianity Essay example -- C.S. L

In C.S. Lewis' book Mere Christianity, The Obstinate Toy Soldier is a chapter with good points. Lewis takes his reader step by step through this chapter. In paragraph one he talks about how humans are consumed with the here and now, so people do not really think about what would have happened if humans never fell. Paragraph two is about how natural life and spiritual life are not just separate, but opposing sides. Lewis says this because people are born one way and God wants them another way. If these two sides, natural and spiritual life, combined then the way people normally do things would be destroyed in the process. It is like the analogy about the people who were brought up dirty and are afraid to take a bath. Lewis states in paragraph three that if we were to try and make a toy soldier human, that the toy would not see it as helping it, but as trying to destroy it. In some ways people see God this way even though he is trying to save our souls. Paragraphs four and five shed so me light on who Jesus was. According to C.S. Lewis he was a real man of particular attributes and ever...

History of French Cuisine from Conventional to Extraordinary Essay

Derived from the French language, bon appetit has been a familiar saying known around the world. Meaning good appetite or enjoy your meal, bon appetit exemplifies the French culture. The French have been known for centuries of elegant and exquisite cuisine especially gourmet desserts. Located in Western Europe between Italy and Spain, France has been a hotspot of enriched ancient culture. France flourished into a tourist location which ignited a change in France’s commercial kitchens. Chefs were obliged to create dishes that appealed to a growing audience. French cuisine has evolved extensively over the centuries. However, centuries of bliss and creativity was dampened with years of anguish and turmoil, when Germany occupied France during the Second World War. France’s once plentiful food supply quickly turned scarce. This forced cooks to utilize new substitutions for ingredients and start practical meal planning. The hardships the French cuisine faced during 1940-1944 simultaneously changed the French lifestyle. Modern French food now embodies simplicity yet class; rustic yet modern. Once having everything then being stripped away to nothing, France needed to rebuild a cuisine embracing the past, present, and future. Therefore beginning from World War II to modern day, French cuisine has experienced many changes whereby impacting French culture. An adversary of Germany, France sustained a significant setback when Germany took control. Prior to the German occupation, French food was known has haute or grande cuisine. Traditional haute cuisine is highly noted all around the world. The food is well known due to the immense amount of preparation and presentation that goes into each dish. Precision plays a crucial role in creating an exquisite haute meal (Franklin). However, haute cuisine ceased to exist under German occupation and subsequent food shortages. Lines were long in front of French shops as people hoped to purchase depleted foods and staple products. Burdened with these difficulties, the French government instituted food charts and tickets which were to be exchanged for French staples. Items such as butter, bread, and meat were being rationed. Traditional cuisine then became obsolete due to citizens skimping on spices and decorations. Although the government tried to provide food subsidies, hunger still existed affecting the youth in urban areas. With the absence of standard foods normally seen in their diet, the French people searched for new European dietary substitutes (Beaufort). They ate unusual vegetables, such as Swedish turnip and Jerusalem artichoke. Products such as sugar were replaced by alternatives such as saccharin. In lieu of coffee, toasted barley mixed with chicory became the beverage of choice (â€Å"French Classics†). Scams and trickery got the best of people who were desperate for a meal during this time. Some people utilized the black market. There people could sell food without government tickets. Resulting in the prices being extremely high. Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation. Along with the black market there was also direct buying from farmers in the countryside. The above activities carried the risk of fines and punishments as they were strictly prohibited by the government. In remote country villages vegetable gardens, the availability of milk products, and illicit animal slaughtering provided better survival for the people verses those living in the large cities (Beaufort). Wine played a key role during World War II as well. Wine is commonly consumed during festive occasions it has been utilized during war as well. Over the years, wine has made an unusual appearance on the battlefield. Commanders have allowed their troops to consume wine on the front lines hoping for an increase in performance and moral. During World War II, the combination of wine and war played out in a heartfelt way. The French army did everything in their power to keep their wine and their national identity out of the hands of the invading German forces (â€Å"Saving†). Although, the German forces did invade France, the consumption of wine on the frontline gave hope to the French soldiers that traditional French culture was being preserved during and after the war. The liberation of France began on June 6th, 1944. The Allied forces put forth into to action their plan, D-Day which was the invasion of France. After World War II, tourism signaled a new beginning for French cuisine. Tourism introduced the demand for haute cuisine at a reasonable price. Japanese, Middle Easterners, British, Americans, and even French travelers were yearning for new food experiences. French chefs were now determined to start a new style of cooking, one that would keep some traditional recipes but implement new ones. New cuisine was a counteraction to the classic haute cuisine (Franklin). New cuisine or Nouvelle was the answer that chefs from all parts of the world were looking for. Nouvelle cuisine had several characteristics. For example it was important that high quality and fresh products were utilized for cooking. The chefs would travel to markets every morning and look for the freshest products. These new and improved cooks would not fathom the idea of using any product that was not absolutely fresh or needed preservatives. Chefs simplified menu cards deleting a long list of dishes. Smaller quantities and choices meant no leftovers guaranteeing freshness. Chefs were looking for quality and became more attracted by unfamiliar products. Foreign influences prevailed and chefs began to use exotic products from Asia, North Africa and Italy (â€Å"Nouvelle Cuisine†). In new cuisine recipes, fewer ingredients were used to enhance purity and light sauces substituted creamy, thick ones. Flexible preparation methods and more experimentation with non-traditional flavors allowed new cuisine to become popular (Franklin). Fortunately, this new cooking style is said to be less fattening. Chefs used limited meat in new recipes which stems from the shortage of meat during World War II. It is perfect for those seeking a healthier lifestyle. Additionally, the new cuisine was prepared with lighter ingredients such as herbs, quality butter, lemon juice, and vinegar. This flexible and less expensive cuisine mainstreamed into restaurants and other eateries (Beaufort). One byproduct of the new cuisine is the menu de degustation or tasting menu that was offered in many restaurants. Achieving notoriety, diners were eager to sample all of the dishes of the new cuisine. Each member in a group had the opportunity to order a different appetizer, main course, and dessert. Tasting menus gave the diners the convenience to experience many varieties. Another byproduct of new cuisine is the choice of a la carte. It is a menu in which the patron makes individual selections from various menu categories and each item is priced separately. Serving single portions was seen as a rare new talent to chefs (Olver). The French culture was launched and savored by people around the world. World War II impacted French living for the better by reevaluating French values and introducing new French cuisine ideas. French cuisine influenced other cultures as well and many countries adapted new French cooking methods. Throughout the centuries, France was noted for its grandiose and eccentric lifestyle. Rich foods and lavish feasts were an integral part of the France culture. Chefs prepared French cuisine with the finest ingredients. Wine was served and enjoyed at every meal. Food was plentiful for all. All of this changed rapidly with the German Invasion in 1940. A ravaged and war torn country left the French people forced to explore new and less expensive ways to provide meals solely for survival. Yet, despite the devastation and hardship the French citizens endured, they utilized these cost effective measures and the importation of ingredients into the development of the nouvelle cuisine. Tasting menus and ala carte menus, not to mention exquisite appetizers and desserts, created the ultimate dining experience enjoyed by patrons. Thus emerged the world renowned and delectable French cuisine that is so popular today.

Qualitative Research Definition and Methods

Qualitative research is a type of social science research that collects and works with non-numerical data and that seeks to interpret meaning from these data that help understand social life through the study of targeted populations or places. People often frame it in opposition to quantitative research, which uses numerical data to identify large-scale trends and employs statistical operations to determine causal and correlative relationships between variables. Within sociology, qualitative research is typically focused on the micro-level of social interaction that composes everyday life, whereas quantitative research typically focuses on macro-level trends and phenomena. Key Takeaways Methods of qualitative research include:observation and immersioninterviewsopen-ended surveysfocus groupscontent analysis of visual and textual materialsoral history Purpose Qualitative research has a long history in sociology and has been used within it for as long as the field has existed. This type of research has long appealed to social scientists because it allows the researchers to investigate the meanings people attribute to their behavior, actions, and interactions with others. While quantitative research is useful for identifying relationships between variables, like, for example, the connection between poverty and racial hate, it is qualitative research that can illuminate why this connection exists by going directly to the source—the people themselves. Qualitative research is designed to reveal the meaning that informs the action or outcomes that are typically measured by quantitative research. So qualitative researchers investigate  meanings, interpretations, symbols, and the  processes and relations of social life. What this type of research produces is descriptive data that the researcher must then interpret using rigorous and systematic methods of transcribing, coding, and analysis of trends and themes. Because its focus is everyday life and peoples experiences, qualitative research lends itself well to creating new theories using the inductive method, which can then be tested with further research. Methods Qualitative researchers  use their own eyes, ears, and intelligence to collect in-depth perceptions and descriptions of targeted populations, places, and events. Their findings are collected through a variety of methods, and often a researcher will use at least two or several of the following while conducting a qualitative study: Direct observation:  With direct observation, a researcher studies people as they go about their daily lives without participating or interfering. This type of research is often unknown to those under study, and as such, must be conducted in public settings where people do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy. For example, a researcher might observe the ways in which strangers interact in public as they gather to watch a street performer.Open-ended surveys: While many surveys are designed to generate quantitative data, many are also designed with open-ended questions that allow for the generation and analysis of qualitative data. For example, a survey might be used to investigate not just which political candidates voters chose, but why they chose them, in their own words.Focus group: In a focus group, a researcher engages a small group of participants in a conversation designed to generate data relevant to the research question. Focus groups can contain anywhere from 5 to 15 participants. Social scientists often use them  in studies that examine an event or trend that occurs within a specific community. They are common in market research, too.In-depth interviews: Researchers conduct in-depth interviews by speaking with participants in a one-on-one setting. Sometimes a researcher approaches the interview with a predetermined list of questions or topics for discussion but allows the conversation to evolve based on how the participant responds. Other times, the researcher has identified certain topics of interest but does not have a formal guide for the conversation, but allows the participant to guide it.Oral history: The oral history method is used to create a historical account of an event, group, or community, and typically involves a series of in-depth interviews conducted with one or multiple participants over an extended period.Participant observation:  This method is similar to observation, however with this one, the researcher also particip ates in the action or events to not only observe others but to gain the first-hand experience in the setting.Ethnographic observation:  Ethnographic observation is the most intensive and in-depth observational method. Originating in anthropology, with this method, a researcher fully immerses themselves into the research setting and lives among the participants as one of them for anywhere from months to years.  By doing this, the researcher attempts to experience day-to-day existence from the viewpoints of those studied to develop in-depth and long-term accounts of the community, events, or trends under observation.Content analysis:  This method is used by sociologists to analyze social life by interpreting words and images from documents, film, art, music, and other cultural products and media. The researchers look at how the words and images are used, and the context in which they are used to draw inferences about the underlying culture. Content analysis of digital material, especially that generated by social media users, has become a popular technique within the social sciences. While much of the data generated by qualitative research is coded and analyzed using just the researchers eyes and brain, the use of computer software to do these processes is increasingly popular within the social sciences. Such software analysis works well when the data is too large for humans to handle, though the lack of a human interpreter is a common criticism of the use of computer software. Pros and Cons Qualitative research has both benefits and drawbacks. On the plus side, it creates an in-depth understanding of the attitudes, behaviors, interactions, events, and social processes that comprise everyday life. In doing so, it helps social scientists understand how everyday life is influenced by society-wide things like social structure, social order, and all kinds of social forces. This set of methods also has the benefit of being flexible and easily adaptable to changes in the research environment and can be conducted with minimal cost in many cases. Among the downsides of qualitative research is that its scope is fairly limited so its findings are not always widely able to be generalized. Researchers also have to use caution with these methods to ensure that they do not influence the data in ways that significantly change it and that they do not bring undue personal bias to their interpretation of the findings. Fortunately, qualitative researchers receive rigorous training designed to eliminate or reduce these types of research bias.